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Low libido, difficulty with arousal or orgasm, and pain during intercourse can have hormonal, vascular, neurological, medication-related and psychological causes. At R2 Medical Clinic, we take a physician-led approach to identifying potential contributors and developing an individualized treatment plan.
Female sexual dysfunction is a common medical condition that can affect women at any stage of life. It can manifest as difficulty with desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain during intercourse, and it often has a significant impact on quality of life, relationships, and self-esteem.
Causes can be multifactorial — including hormonal imbalances (especially during perimenopause and menopause), cardiovascular issues, neurological conditions, medication side effects, psychological factors, and age-related changes. Because of this complexity, a one-size-fits-all approach rarely works.
A comprehensive medical evaluation — including lab work, medical history review, and physical assessment — allows our physicians to identify the specific factors contributing to your symptoms and develop a targeted, personalized treatment plan.
Our goal is to restore your confidence, intimacy, and overall quality of life using the most advanced, evidence-based treatments available today.

Persistent decrease in sexual desire that causes personal distress, often linked to hormonal changes.
Persistent inability to attain or maintain sufficient sexual excitement, even with adequate stimulation.
Difficulty achieving orgasm despite adequate stimulation and arousal.
Including dyspareunia, vaginismus, and vulvodynia — conditions that cause pain during intercourse.
Thinning and inflammation of vaginal walls due to declining estrogen, common during menopause.
Weakened pelvic floor muscles that can affect sexual confidence and comfort.
Symptoms, onset, duration, sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, pain, menopausal status, previous treatments and relevant medical conditions.
SSRIs and other medications can contribute to changes in libido, arousal and orgasm. ACOG specifically recognizes numerous medications as potential contributors.
When clinically appropriate, evaluation may include estrogen status, testosterone and other relevant hormonal or metabolic markers.
Vaginal dryness, burning, discomfort and painful intercourse may be associated with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).
When symptoms suggest vulvovaginal disease, pelvic floor dysfunction, pain disorders or other structural causes, examination may be appropriate.
Psychological issues, stress, anxiety, depression, previous sexual experiences and relationship factors can contribute to sexual dysfunction and should be considered as part of a comprehensive evaluation.

Hormone optimization may be of vital importance.
Hormonal changes during perimenopause and menopause can contribute to vaginal dryness, discomfort, reduced arousal and changes in sexual desire. When hormonal factors are contributing to symptoms, individualized hormone therapy may be considered based on a woman’s symptoms, medical history, laboratory findings and treatment goals.
Low-dose vaginal estrogen may help improve vaginal dryness, irritation, and painful intercourse associated with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).
Testosterone may be considered for appropriately selected women with HSDD after a comprehensive evaluation. There is currently no FDA-approved testosterone product specifically indicated for female HSDD in the United States, so treatment for this purpose is off-label.
Bremelanotide is an FDA-approved melanocortin receptor agonist for certain premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Whether it is appropriate depends on the patient’s diagnosis, medical history and potential contraindications. Use outside the FDA-approved indication is considered off-label.
Oxytocin has physiological roles in social bonding and sexual response. Its use as a treatment for female sexual dysfunction is not FDA-approved, and clinical evidence supporting therapeutic use for sexual dysfunction remains limited.
Non-surgical treatments improve vaginal health, reduce dryness, and restore tissue integrity.
Low-intensity shockwave (percussion) therapy has been investigated as a potential approach to improving genital blood flow and sexual function. Research in women remains limited, and treatment for female sexual dysfunction is investigational.
PRP injections use a concentration of platelets derived from the patient’s own blood and have been investigated for several aspects of female sexual function. Evidence for PRP in female sexual dysfunction remains limited, and it is not an FDA-approved treatment specifically for female sexual dysfunction. Patients should be counseled regarding the available evidence, potential risks, alternatives and uncertainty regarding outcomes.
Treatment for female sexual dysfunction depends on the underlying cause. In addition to the treatments available at R2 Medical Clinic, other approaches may be appropriate based on a woman’s symptoms and individual needs.
Nonhormonal moisturizers and lubricants can help reduce vaginal dryness, friction, and discomfort during sexual activity.
Pelvic floor dysfunction can contribute to painful intercourse, muscle tightness, and difficulty with penetration. Specialized physical therapy may help improve pelvic floor function and comfort.
Psychological, interpersonal, and relationship factors can contribute to sexual dysfunction. Counseling or sex therapy may be beneficial when these factors are contributing to symptoms.
Certain medications, including some antidepressants, can affect sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. When appropriate, medication adjustments or alternatives may be discussed with the prescribing clinician.
Flibanserin is an FDA-approved, nonhormonal daily medication for women younger than 65 with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) who meet appropriate diagnostic criteria.
Your provider will review your medical and sexual health history, symptoms, medications, hormonal and menopausal factors, previous treatments, and treatment goals.
When appropriate, laboratory testing or additional evaluation may be recommended to identify hormonal, metabolic, medication-related, or other factors that could be contributing to your symptoms.
Based on your evaluation, your provider will discuss appropriate treatment options, potential benefits and risks, alternatives, and limitations before developing an individualized treatment plan.
Follow-up appointments and laboratory testing, when indicated, allow your provider to monitor your response, address concerns, and adjust treatment as appropriate.
Our comprehensive approach to women's sexual dysfunction delivers real, measurable results.

Medically reviewed by Erik Natkin, DO — Founder, R2 Medical Clinic. Content last reviewed August 2026.